Cooling Tower

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Al Manhal for Environment and Development

Hama, Syria

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Cooling towers use a cool, dry gas to contact a warm liquid and remove heat. A portion of the liquid turns into vapor and joins the stream of gases. Heat is extracted from the liquid stream by vaporization. The output streams consist of a cooled liquid and a humid gas that contains the vaporized liquid feed component. In a chemical process, this cooled liquid can be utilized for additional cooling requirements.
The most popular applications for cooling towers are air-water systems.
Inverse flow
The cooling air is drawn in by a fan at the top of the tower, creating the draft. When air flows parallel and in the opposite direction of the water being cooled, this is referred to as counterflow. As a result, the thermal efficiency is higher than with crossflow designs. Though the air flow is parallel (but in the opposite direction) to the water flow, counterflow cooling towers also use pressurized spray nozzles to distribute water from the top of the tower. The cooling tower's bottom draws air, which then travels over the fill surface and leaves out the top. Counterflow towers have pressurized hot water nozzles, which raises the pump head requirement and overall system operating costs, in addition to being taller and smaller than crossflow towers. Additionally, counterflow towers are difficult to service and inspect internally. Access to the hot water spray distribution and drive system typically requires an external service platform and ladder.
The hot water is distributed perpendicular to the air flow in crossflow cooling towers. As air is drawn horizontally across the fill by the cooling tower fan, water flows from the top of the cooling tower through the hot water gravity distribution basin and into the fill. Crossflow towers feature an internal access plenum that can be equipped with an internal platform for inspecting the entire fill assembly and servicing the drive system. A ladder with handrails or an external service platform can also be installed on these towers to allow for safe maintenance access to the hot water basin. Only gravity causes water to flow from the top of a crossflow tower. Pump energy is saved because the spray nozzles do not need any extra pressurization. Weir dams aid in distributing the water evenly across the fill surface at lower water flow rates. However, in order to guarantee uniform water distribution at partial load, counterflow towers need pressurized spray nozzles.
Extremely Tall Natural Draft Cooling Tower Stack
A thin concrete shell with high air resistance makes up the cooling tower's structure. The aerodynamic lift and, thus, the airflow rate are increased by the wind blowing over the hyperbolic shape of the tower. In comparison to other models, this cooling tower's hyperbolic shape not only increases the airflow rate but also offers superior strength, requiring fewer materials during construction. Air can enter through the opening at the base of the tower. The power industry is the one that uses natural draft hyperbolic cooling towers the most.
Natural draft cooling tower systems have several benefits, such as reduced power consumption because there is no electrical fan, no corrosion issues, low maintenance requirements, and no air recirculation because the stack outlet is high up. This is helpful in situations involving vertical plants where space is a crucial factor.
Interconnected
Stack Forced Draft Cooling Tower with Exaggeration
Large motor-driven fans are used in Hyperbolic Stack-Forced Draft (HSFD) cooling towers, which combine the hyperbolic shape of a natural draft cooling tower. Low-potential heat produced during production is eliminated by the forced draft cooling towers.
Utilizing forced draft and wet technology, they employ atmospheric cooling. Heat transfer occurs in the cooling fill as a result of the air and hot water counterflowing. A propeller fan is used to provide the airflow.