Zero Liquid Discharge Systems

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AES Arabia Ltd.

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Nearly all industries that use a lot of water are forced to find ways to recycle because of the depletion of fresh water supplies and usage restrictions. Due to scarcity and local and international wastewater discharge regulations, the oil and gas producers, textile, paper, and pulp industries are the ones being forced to move toward zero liquid discharge.

Depending on contaminants and consumption patterns, different industries have different definitions of ZLD. The way the recycled water is supposed to be used determines the treatment. Filtration will be sufficient to remove BOD, COD, and suspended solids from water used for gardening. However, numerous other factors must be taken into account if the water is going to be used for industrial production processes or high-pressure boilers.
Usually, a combination of chemical precipitation and biodegradation is used to remove COD. The collected effluent's pH is adjusted, followed by chemical precipitation and biological degradation. Since membrane biofouling is a major concern in wastewater recycling systems, chlorine dosing is used to disinfect the treated effluent. The water is fed to the RO after being chlorinated and filtered through a number of filters. After conditioning or if it is being used as boiler feed water, the RO permeate is sent to the Polisher MB for processing. The concentrate is transported to either evaporators or a salt facility after the reject is occasionally run through another RO to bring the concentrator unit to life.
In brine concentrators, the reject is typically evaporated in two steps. Approximately 15–20% solids are formed in the first stage by concentrating the 2–4% RO reject. The next step involves further concentration of the 15–20% solids to 45–50% solids. Sometimes, this solid slurry is processed further in crystallizers to create salt crystals that can be sold as commercial salts. Reject must be properly conditioned if it is going to be used for things like gardening, flushing, etc., to prevent scaling the plumbing.

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