Acetamide

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Acetamide is an organic substance that appears colorless and crystal clear. It smells like mouse fluids and has a really intriguing attraction. It has low toxicity and flammability. In addition, acetamide has a minor solubility in ether and solubility in water, ethanol, trichloromethane, pyridine, and glycerol. Acute exposure, or short-term exposure, can cause moderate skin irritation.

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EapearlChem

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Prepare method:

Ammonium acetate is created when glacial acetic acid and ammonia are combined.
To get acetamide, subject it to pyrolysis and dehydration.
Separate and crystallize the end product.

A total of 1700 kg of acetic acid (99%) and 750 kg of liquid ammonia (99%) per ton of raw materials are needed. Follow the sequential steps listed here for laboratory synthesis. To start, fill a 5L flask with 3 kg of glacial acetic acid and 400g of ammonia in the form of ammonium carbonate. Provide the flask with a receiver, a condenser, and a high-efficiency fractionating column. As you gradually raise the reaction mixture's temperature to a moderate boil, make sure the distillation rate doesn't exceed 180 mg/h. Keep the temperature rising at 110°C from the bottom to the top.
Keep the temperature rising at 110°C from the bottom to the top. At this point, you should have 1400–1500 milliliters of a water/acetic acid mixture. Once the receiver is back in place, gradually turn up the heat and keep distilling at the same pace until the peak temperature hits 140 °C.
The 500–700 ml distillate that is left over should be saved for later use since it mostly consists of acetic acid. For atmospheric distillation, transfer the leftover residue to a flask equipped with an air condenser and a fractionating column.

Gather the fractions at 210–216 °C and pre-210 °C, in that order. The latter, which weighs between 1150 and 1200g, is acetamide; a fraction of the former can also be recovered through distillation. When both fractions are combined, they will weigh 1200–1250g, producing 87%–90%. Acetamide is frequently refined via solvent recrystallization and distillation. Acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, dioxane, chloroform, and mixtures of benzene and ethyl acetate are examples of commonly used solvents. For example, if one kilogram of acetamide is made using the aforementioned procedure, it can be recrystallized with a mixture of one liter of benzene and three hundred milliliters of ethyl acetate to produce a colorless, needle-like pure product. Acetamide that is produced industrially has a freezing point of 76 °C and a purity of at least 98%.

                                                            Molecular Formula
                                                            C2H5NO
                                                        
                                                            Molar Mass
                                                            59.07
                                                        
                                                            Density
                                                            1.159
                                                        
                                                            Melting Point
                                                            78-80°C(lit.)
                                                        
                                                            Boling Point
                                                            221°C(lit.)
                                                        
                                                            Flash Point
                                                            220-222°C JECFA
                                                        
                                                            Number
                                                            1592
                                                        
                                                            Water Solubility
                                                            2000 g/L (20 ºC)
                                                        
                                                            Solubility
                                                            Soluble in water, alcohol, pyridine, chloroform, glycerin and hot benzene, almost insoluble in ether
                                                        
                                                            Vapor Presure
                                                            1 mm Hg ( 65 °C)
                                                        
                                                            Appearance
                                                            Colorless crystal
                                                        
                                                            Color
                                                            White
                                                        
                                                            Odor
                                                            Mousy odor
                                                        
                                                            Exposure Limit
                                                            ACGIH: TWA 1 ppm
                                                        
                                                            Merck
                                                            14,43
                                                        
                                                            Storage Condition
                                                            Store below +30°C.
                                                        
                                                            BRN
                                                            1071207
                                                        
                                                            pKa
                                                            0.63(at 25℃)
                                                        
                                                            Stability
                                                            Stable. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, strong bases. Deliquescent. Triboluminescent.
                                                        
                                                            Physical and Chemical Properties
                                                            Density 1.159 melting point 79-81°C boiling point 221°C water-soluble 2000g/L (20°C)
                                                        
                                                            PSA
                                                            43.1 XLogP3	-1.26
                                                        
                                                            Toxicity
                                                            Oral-Rat LD50: 7000 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 12900 mg/kg
                                                        
                                                            Flammability characteristics
                                                            Flammable; burning produces toxic nitrogen oxide gas
                                                        
                                                            Sensitive
                                                            Easily absorbing moisture
                                                        
                                                            MDL
                                                            MFCD00008023
                                                        
                                                            Refractive Index
                                                            1.4274

Applications of Acetamide
1. Although acetamide has several uses, its main function is that of an organic solvent. It is also used as a plasticizer and stabilizer for peroxide. It is used as an antacid and even to make sleeping medications and insecticides in the cosmetics sector.

2. Acetamide is important as a solvent, plasticizer, and analytical reagent. Furthermore, it is essential for the synthesis of colors and chemical molecules.

3. Acetamide is an excellent solvent for a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds due to its high dielectric constant. It is used in many different industries. It acts as a solubilizer, helping compounds that are insoluble in water to dissolve. In the fiber business, it serves as a solvent and solubilizer for dyes. It also acts as a solvent in the synthesis of antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol.
Acetamide is used as an antacid in varnishes, explosives, and cosmetics due to its mild alkaline characteristics. Because of its hygroscopic properties, it can be used as a plasticizer and as a wetting agent for dyeing fabrics. N-halo acetamide is a halogenated reagent used in chemical synthesis. It is produced by brominating or chlorinating acetamide. Additionally, acetamide is used in the manufacturing of fungicides and pharmaceuticals. It is a remedy for fluoroacetamide toxicity, which is brought on by this organic fluorine pesticide. Acetamide displaces fluoroacetamide, which has harmful effects on the tri-carboxylase cycle, by preventing the production of trifluoroacetic acid.

4. When melted, acetamide works well as a solvent for a wide range of organic and inorganic substances. It is widely used as a solvent, plasticizer, stabilizer, and alcohol denaturant in chemical synthesis.